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Truly
it (the Qur'an) is revelation (The
Qur'an, 26:192) TO THE READER The
reason why a special chapter is assigned to the collapse of the
theory of evolution is that this theory constitutes the basis
of all anti-spiritual philosophies. Since Darwinism rejects the
fact of creation, and therefore the existence of Allah, during
the last 140 years it has caused many people to abandon their
faith or fall into doubt. Therefore, showing that this theory
is a deception is a very important duty, which is strongly related
to the religion. It is imperative that this important service
be rendered to everyone. Some of our readers may find the chance
to read only one of our books. Therefore, we think it appropriate
to spare a chapter for a summary of this subject. In
all the books by the author, faith-related issues are explained
in the light of the Qur'anic verses and people are invited to
learn Allah's words and to live by them. All the subjects that
concern Allah's verses are explained in such a way as to leave
no room for doubt or question marks in the reader's mind. The
sincere, plain and fluent style employed ensures that everyone
of every age and from every social group can easily understand
the books. This effective and lucid narrative makes it possible
to read them in a single sitting. Even those who rigorously reject
spirituality are influenced by the facts recounted in these books
and cannot refute the truthfulness of their contents. This
book and all the other works of the author can be read individually
or discussed in a group at a time of conversation. Those readers
who are willing to profit from the books will find discussion
very useful in the sense that they will be able to relate their
own reflections and experiences to one another. In
addition, it will be a great service to the religion to contribute
to the presentation and reading of these books, which are written
solely for the good pleasure of Allah. All the books of the author
are extremely convincing. For this reason, for those who want
to communicate the religion to other people, one of the most effective
methods is to encourage them to read these books. It
is hoped that the reader will take time to look through the review
of other books on the final pages of the book, and appreciate
the rich source of material on faith-related issues, which are
very useful and a pleasure to read. In
these books, you will not find, as in some other books, the personal
views of the author, explanations based on dubious sources, styles
that are unobservant of the respect and reverence due to sacred
subjects, nor hopeless, doubt-creating, and pessimistic accounts
that create deviations in the heart. The
Arabic word for God is Allah, and Muslims prefer to call Allah
by this name. However, since this book is aimed at Muslims and
non-Muslims alike, we have used the word God throughout. ABOUT
THE AUTHOR The
author, who writes under the pen-name HARUN YAHYA, was born in
Ankara in 1956. Having completed his primary and secondary education
in Ankara, he then studied arts at Istanbul's Mimar Sinan University
and philosophy at Istanbul University. Since the 1980s, the author
has published many books on political, faith-related and scientific
issues. Harun Yahya is well-known as an author who has written
very important works disclosing the imposture of evolutionists,
the invalidity of their claims and the dark liaisons between Darwinism
and bloody ideologies. His
pen-name is made up of the names "Harun" (Aaron) and
"Yahya" (John), in memory of the two esteemed prophets
who fought against lack of faith. The Prophet's seal on the cover
of the author's books has a symbolic meaning linked to the their
contents. This seal represents the Qur'an as the last Book by
God and the last word of Him and our Prophet, the last of all
the prophets. Under the guidance of the Qur'an and Sunnah, the
author makes it his main goal to disprove each one of the fundamental
tenets of godless ideologies and to have the "last word",
so as to completely silence the objections raised against religion.
The seal of the Prophet, who attained ultimate wisdom and moral
perfection, is used as a sign of his intention of saying this
last word. All
these works by the author centre around one goal: to convey the
message of the Qur'an to people, thus encouraging them to think
about basic faith-related issues, such as the existence of God,
His unity and the hereafter, and to display the decrepit foundations
and perverted works of godless systems. Harun
Yahya enjoys a wide readership in many countries, from India to
America, England to Indonesia, Poland to Bosnia, and Spain to
Brazil. Some of his books are available in English, French, German,
Italian, Portuguese, Urdu, Arabic, Albanian, Russian, Serbo-Croat
(Bosnian), Uygur Turkish, and Indonesian, and they have been enjoyed
by readers all over the world. Greatly
appreciated all around the world, these works have been instrumental
in many people putting their faith in God and in many others gaining
a deeper insight into their faith. The wisdom, and the sincere
and easy-to-understand style employed give these books a distinct
touch which directly strikes any one who reads or examines them.
Immune to objections, these works are characterised by their features
of rapid effectiveness, definite results and irrefutability. It
is unlikely that those who read these books and give a serious
thought to them can any longer sincerely advocate the materialistic
philosophy, atheism and any other perverted ideology or philosophy.
Even if they continue to advocate, this will be only a sentimental
insistence since these books have refuted these ideologies from
their very basis. All contemporary movements of denial are ideologically
defeated today, thanks to the collection of books written by Harun
Yahya. There
is no doubt that these features result from the wisdom and lucidity
of the Qur'an. The author certainly does not feel proud of himself;
he merely intends to serve as a means in one's search for God's
right path. Furthermore, no material gain is sought in the publication
of these works. Considering
these facts, those who encourage people to read these books, which
open the "eyes" of the heart and guide them in becoming
more devoted servants of God, render an invaluable service. Meanwhile,
it would just be a waste of time and energy to propagate books
which create confusion in peoples' minds, lead man into ideological
chaos, and which, clearly have no strong and precise effects in
removing the doubts in peoples' hearts, as also verified from
previous experience. It is apparent that it is impossible for
books devised to emphasize the author's literary power rather
than the noble goal of saving people from loss of faith, to have
such a great effect. Those who doubt this can readily see that
the sole aim of Harun Yahya's books is to overcome disbelief and
to disseminate the moral values of the Qur'an. The success, impact
and sincerity this service has attained are manifest in the reader's
conviction. One
point needs to be kept in mind: The main reason for the continuing
cruelty and conflict, and all the ordeals Muslims undergo is the
ideological prevalence of disbelief. These things can only come
to an end with the ideological defeat of disbelief and by ensuring
that everybody knows about the wonders of creation and Qur'anic
morality, so that people can live by it. Considering the state
of the world today, which forces people into the downward spiral
of violence, corruption and conflict, it is clear that this service
has to be provided more speedily and effectively. Otherwise, it
may be too late. It
is no exaggeration to say that the collection of books by Harun
Yahya have assumed this leading role. By the Will of God, these
books will be the means through which people in the 21st century
will attain the peace and bliss, justice and happiness promised
in the Qur'an. The
works of the author include The New Masonic Order, Judaism and
Freemasonry, The Disasters Darwinism Brought to Humanity, Communism
in Ambush, The Bloody Ideology of Darwinism: Fascism, The 'Secret
Hand' in Bosnia, Behind the Scenes of The Holocaust, Behind the
Scenes of Terrorism, Israel's Kurdish Card, Solution: The Morals
of the Qur'an, Articles 1-2-3, A Weapon of Satan: Romantism, Truths
1-2, The Western World Turns to God, The Evolution Deceit, Precise
Answers to Evolutionists, Evolutionary Falsehoods, Perished Nations,
For Men of Understanding, The Prophet Moses, The Prophet Joseph,
The Golden Age, Allah's Artistry in Colour, Glory is Everywhere,
The Truth of the Life of This World, Knowing the Truth, Eternity
Has Already Begun, Timelessness and the Reality of Fate, The Dark
Magic of Darwinism, The Religion of Darwinism, The Collapse of
the Theory of Evolution in 20 Questions, Allah is Known Through
Reason, The Qur'an Leads the Way to Science, The Real Origin of
Life, Consciousness in the Cell, A String of Miracles, The Creation
of the Universe, Miracles of the Qur'an, The Design in Nature,
Self-Sacrifice and Intelligent Behaviour Models in Animals, The
End of Darwinism, Deep Thinking, Never Plead Ignorance, The Green
Miracle Photosynthesis, The Miracle in the Cell, The Miracle in
the Eye, The Miracle in the Spider, The Miracle in the Gnat, The
Miracle in the Ant, The Miracle of the Immune System, The Miracle
of Creation in Plants, The Miracle in the Atom, The Miracle in
the Honeybee, The Miracle of Seed, The Miracle of Hormone, The
Miracle of the Termite, The Miracle of the Human Being, The Miracle
of Man's Creation, The Miracle of Protein, The Secrets of DNA. The
author's children's books are: Children Darwin Was Lying!, The
World of Animals, The Splendour in the Skies, The World of Our
Little Friends: The Ants, Honeybees That Build Perfect Combs,
Skilful Dam Builders: Beavers. The
author's other works on Qur'anic topics include: The Basic Concepts
in the Qur'an, The Moral Values of the Qur'an, Quick Grasp of
Faith 1-2-3, Ever Thought About the Truth?, Crude Understanding
of Disbelief, Devoted to Allah, Abandoning the Society of Ignorance,
The Real Home of Believers: Paradise, Knowledge of the Qur'an,
Qur'an Index, Emigrating for the Cause of Allah, The Character
of the Hypocrite in the Qur'an, The Secrets of the Hypocrite,
The Names of Allah, Communicating the Message and Disputing in
the Qur'an, Answers from the Qur'an, Death Resurrection Hell,
The Struggle of the Messengers, The Avowed Enemy of Man: Satan,
The Greatest Slander: Idolatry, The Religion of the Ignorant,
The Arrogance of Satan, Prayer in the Qur'an, The Importance of
Conscience in the Qur'an, The Day of Resurrection, Never Forget,
Disregarded Judgements of the Qur'an, Human Characters in the
Society of Ignorance, The Importance of Patience in the Qur'an,
General Information from the Qur'an, The Mature Faith, Before
You Regret, Our Messengers Say, The Mercy of Believers, The Fear
of Allah, The Nightmare of Disbelief, Jesus Will Return, Beauties
Presented by the Qur'an for Life, A Bouquet of the Beauties of
Allah 1-2-3-4, The Iniquity Called "Mockery", The Mystery
of the Test, The True Wisdom According to the Qur'an, The Struggle
with the Religion of Irreligion, The School of Yusuf, The Alliance
of the Good, Slanders Spread Against Muslims Throughout History,
The Importance of Following the Good Word, Why Do You Deceive
Yourself?, Islam: The Religion of Ease, Enthusiasm and Excitement
in the Qur'an, Seeing Good in Everything, How do the Unwise Interpret
the Qur'an?, Some Secrets of the Qur'an, The Courage of Believers,
Being Hopeful in the Qur'an, Justice and Tolerance in the Qur'an,
Basic Tenets of Islam, Those Who do not Listen to the Qur'an. CONTENTS PART
ONE: THE SCIENTIFIC MIRACLES OF THE QUR'AN
INTRODUCTION
THE
COMING OF THE UNIVERSE INTO EXISTENCE
THE
EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE
THE
SPLITTING ASUNDER OF "THE HEAVENS AND THE EARTH"
ORBITS
THE
ROUNDNESS OF THE EARTH
THE
PROTECTED ROOF
THE
RETURNING SKY
THE
LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
THE
FUNCTION OF MOUNTAINS
THE
MOVEMENT OF MOUNTAINS THE
MIRACLE IN THE IRON
THE
PAIRS IN CREATION
THE
RELATIVITY OF TIME
THE
PROPORTION OF RAIN
THE
FORMATION OF RAIN
THE
FECUNDATING WINDS
THE
SEAS' NOT MINGLING WITH ONE ANOTHER
DARKNESS
IN THE SEAS, AND INTERNAL WAVES
THE
REGION THAT CONTROLS OUR MOVEMENTS
THE
BIRTH OF A HUMAN BEING
MOTHER'S
MILK
THE
IDENTITY IN THE FINGERPRINT
PART
TWO: THE INFORMATION GIVEN ABOUT THE FUTURE IN THE QUR'AN
INTRODUCTION
The
Victory of Byzantium
PART
THREE: THE HISTORICAL MIRACLES OF THE QUR'AN
THE
WORD "HAMAN" IN THE QUR'AN
TITLES
OF EGYPTIAN RULERS IN THE QUR'AN
CONCLUSION:
THE QUR'AN IS THE WORD OF GOD
PART
FOUR:THE EVOLUTION MISCONCEPTION
THE
SCIENTIFIC MIRACLES OF THE QUR'AN INTRODUCTION Fourteen
centuries ago, God sent down the Qur'an to mankind as a book of
guidance. He called upon people to be guided to the truth by adhering
to this book. From the day of its revelation to the day of judgement,
this last divine book will remain the sole guide for humanity. The
matchless style of the Qur'an and the superior wisdom in it are
definite evidence that it is the word of God. In addition, the
Qur'an has many miraculous attributes proving that it is a revelation
from God. One of these attributes is the fact that a number of
scientific truths that we have only been able to uncover by the
technology of the 20th century were stated in the Qur'an 1,400
years ago. Of
course the Qur'an is not a book of science. However, many scientific
facts that are expressed in an extremely concise and profound
manner in its verses have only been discovered with the technology
of the 20th century. These facts could not have been known at
the time of the Qur'an's revelation, and this is still more proof
that the Qur'an is the word of God. In
order to understand the scientific miracle of the Qur'an, we must
first take a look at the level of science at the time when this
holy book was revealed. In
the 7th century, when the Qur'an was revealed, Arab society had
many superstitious and groundless beliefs where scientific issues
were concerned. Lacking the technology to examine the universe
and nature, these early Arabs believed in legends inherited from
past generations. They supposed, for example, that mountains supported
the sky above. They believed that the earth was flat and that
there were high mountains at its both ends. It was thought that
these mountains were pillars that kept the vault of heaven high
above. However
all these superstitious beliefs of Arab society were eliminated
with the Qur'an. In Sura Sad, verse 2, it was said: "God
is He who raised up the heavens without any support..." (The
Qur'an, 38:2). This verse invalidated the belief that the sky
remains above because of the mountains. In many other subjects,
important facts were revealed at a time when no one could have
known them. The Qur'an, which was revealed at a time when people
knew very little about astronomy, physics, or biology, contains
key facts on a variety of subjects such as the creation of the
universe, the creation of the human being, the structure of the
atmosphere, and the delicate balances that make life on earth
possible. Now,
let us look at some of these scientific miracles revealed in the
Qur'an together. THE
COMING OF THE UNIVERSE INTO EXISTENCE The
origin of the universe is described in the Qur'an in the following
verse: He
is the Originator of the heavens and the earth. (The
Qur'an, 6:101) This
information given in the Qur'an is in full agreement with the
findings of contemporary science. The conclusion that astrophysics
has reached today is that the entire universe, together with the
dimensions of matter and time, came into existence as a result
of a great explosion that occurred in no time. This event, known
as "The Big Bang" proved that the universe was created
from nothingness as the result of the explosion of a single point.
Modern scientific circles are in agreement that the Big Bang is
the only rational and provable explanation of the beginning of
the universe and of how the universe came into being. Before
the Big Bang, there was no such thing as matter. From a condition
of non-existence in which neither matter, nor energy, nor
even time existed, and which can only be described metaphysically,
matter, energy, and time were all created. This fact, only recently
discovered by modern physics, was announced to us in the Qur'an
1,400 years ago. THE
EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE
In
the Qur'an, which was revealed 14 centuries ago at a time when
the science of astronomy was still primitive, the expansion of
the universe was described like this: And
it is We who have constructed the heaven with might, and verily,
it is We who are steadily expanding it. (The
Qur'an, 51:47) The
word "heaven", as stated in this verse, is used in various
places in the Qur'an with the meaning of space and universe. Here
again, the word is used with this meaning. In other words, in
the Qur'an it is revealed that the universe "expands".
And this is the very conclusion that science has reached today. Until
the dawn of the 20th century, the only view prevailing in the
world of science was that "the universe has a constant nature
and it has existed since infinite time". The research, observations,
and calculations carried out by means of modern technology, however,
have revealed that the universe in fact had a beginning, and that
it constantly "expands". At
the beginning of the 20th century, the Russian physicist Alexander
Friedmann and the Belgian cosmologist Georges Lemaitre theoretically
calculated that the universe is in constant motion and that
it is expanding. This
fact was proved also by observational data in 1929. While observing
the sky with a telescope, Edwin Hubble, the American astronomer,
discovered that the stars and galaxies were constantly moving
away from each other. A universe where everything constantly moves
away from everything else implied a constantly expanding universe.
The observations carried out in the following years verified
that the universe is constantly expanding. This fact was explained
in the Qur'an when that was still unknown to anyone. This is because
the Qur'an is the word of God, the Creator, and the Ruler of the
entire universe. THE
SPLITTING ASUNDER OF "THE HEAVENS AND THE EARTH" Another
verse about the creation of the heavens is as follows: Do
not the Unbelievers see that the heavens and the earth were joined
together (as one unit of creation), before We clove them asunder,
and We made from water every living thing. Will they not then
believe? (The
Qur'an, 21:30) The
word ratq translated as "sewn to" means
"mixed in each, blended" in Arabic dictionaries. It
is used to refer to two different substances that make up a whole.
The phrase "we unstitched" is the verb fataqa
in Arabic and implies that something comes into being by tearing
apart or destroying the structure of ratq. The sprouting
of a seed from the soil is one of the actions to which this verb
is applied. Let
us take a look at the verse again with this knowledge in mind.
In the verse, sky and earth are at first subject to the status
of ratq. They are separated (fataqa) with one coming
out of the other. Intriguingly, when we remember the first moments
of the Big Bang, we see that a single point included all the matter
in the universe. In other words, everything, including "the
heavens and earth" which were not created yet, were included
in this point in a condition of ratq. This point exploded
violently, causing its matter to fataqa and in the process
created the structure of the whole universe. When
we compare the expressions in the verse with scientific findings,
we see that they are in perfect agreement with each other. Interestingly
enough, these findings were not arrived at until the 20th century. ORBITS
While
referring to the Sun and the Moon in the Qur'an, it is emphasized
that each moves in a definite orbit. It
is He Who created the night and the day, and the sun and the moon.
They swim along, each in an orbit. (The
Qur'an, 21:33) It
is mentioned in another verse, too, that the Sun is not static
but moves in a definite orbit: And
the sun runs to its resting place. That is the decree of the Almighty,
the All-Knowing. (The
Qur'an, 37:38) These
facts communicated in the Qur'an have been discovered by astronomical
observations in our age. According to the calculations of experts
on astronomy, the Sun is traveling at the enormous speed of 720,000
kilometers an hour in the direction of the star Vega in a particular
orbit called the Solar Apex. This means that the sun travels roughly
17,280,000 kilometers a day. Along with the Sun, and all planets
and satellites within the gravitational system of the Sun also
travel the same distance. In addition, all the stars in the universe
are in a similar planned motion. That
the entire universe is full of paths and orbits such as this one,
is written in the Qur'an as follows: By
the sky full of paths and orbits. (The
Qur'an, 51:7) There
are about 200 billion galaxies in the universe, consisting of
nearly 200 billion stars in each. Most of these stars have planets,
and most of those planets have satellites. All of these heavenly
bodies move in very precisely computed orbits. For millions of
years, each has been "swimming" along in its own orbit
in perfect harmony and order with all the others. Moreover, many
comets also move along in the orbits determined for them. The
orbits in the universe do not only belong to celestial bodies.
The galaxies also travel at enormous speeds in computed, planned
orbits. During these movements, none of these celestial bodies
cuts across another's path, or collides with another. Surely
at the time the Qur'an was revealed, mankind did not possess today's
telescopes or advanced observation technologies to observe millions
of kilometres of space, nor the modern knowledge of physics or
astronomy. Therefore, at that time, it was not possible to determine
scientifically that space is "full of paths and orbits"
as stated in the verse. However, this was openly declared to us
in the Qur'an that was revealed at that time:–because the Qur'an
is the word of God. THE
ROUNDNESS OF THE EARTH
He
has created the Heavens and the Earth for Truth. He wraps the
night up in the day, and wraps the day up in the night. (The
Qur'an, 39:5) In
the Qur'an, the words used for describing the universe are quite
remarkable. The Arabic word that is translated as "to wrap"
in the above verse is "takwir". In English, it means
"to make one thing lap over another, folded up as a garment
that is laid away". (For instance, in Arabic dictionaries
this word is used for the action of wrapping one thing around
another, in the way that a turban is put on.) The
information given in the verse about the day and the night wrapping
each other up includes accurate information about the shape of
the world. This can be true only if the earth is round. This means
that in the Qur'an, which was revealed in the 7th century, the
roundness of the world was hinted at. It
should be remembered, however, that the understanding of astronomy
of the time perceived the world differently. It was then thought
that the world was a flat plane and all scientific calculations
and explanations were based on this belief. The verses of the
Qur'an, however, include information that we have learned only
in the past century. Since the Qur'an is God's word, the most
correct words were used in it when it comes to describing the
universe. THE
PROTECTED ROOF
In
the Qur'an, God calls our attention to a very interesting attribute
of the sky: We
made the sky a preserved and protected roof yet still they turn
away from Our Signs.. (The
Qur'an, 21:32) This
attribute of the sky has been proved by scientific research carried
out in the 20th century. The
atmosphere surrounding the earth serves crucial functions for
the continuity of life. While destroying many meteors big and
small as they approach the earth, it prevents them from falling
to earth and harming living things. In
addition, the atmosphere filters the light rays coming from space
that are harmful to living things. Interestingly, the atmosphere
lets only harmless and useful rays– visible light, near ultraviolet
light, and radio waves pass through. All of this radiation is
vital for life. Near ultraviolet rays, which are only partially
let in by the atmosphere, are very important for the photosynthesis
of plants and for the survival of all living beings. The majority
of the intense ultraviolet rays emitted from the sun are filtered
out by the ozone layer of the atmosphere and only a limited–and
essential–part of the ultraviolet spectrum reaches the Earth. The
protective function of the atmosphere does not end here. The atmosphere
also protects the earth from the freezing cold of the space, which
is about minus 270oC. It
is not only the atmosphere that protects the Earth from harmful
effects. In addition to the atmosphere, the Van Allen Belt, a
layer caused by the magnetic field of the Earth, also serves as
a shield against the harmful radiation that threatens our planet.
This radiation, which is constantly emitted by the Sun and other
stars, is deadly to living things. If the Van Allen belt did not
exist, the massive outbursts of energy called solar flares that
frequently occur in the Sun would destroy all life on Earth. Dr.
Hugh Ross has this to say on the importance of Van Allen Belts
to our lives: In
fact, the Earth has the highest density of any of the planets
in our Solar System. This large nickel-iron core is responsible
for our large magnetic field. This magnetic field produces the
Van-Allen radiation shield, which protects the Earth from radiation
bombardment. If this shield were not present, life would not be
possible on the Earth. The only other rocky planet to have any
magnetic field is Mercury - but its field strength is 100 times
less than the Earth's. Even Venus, our sister planet, has no magnetic
field. The Van-Allen radiation shield is a design unique to the
Earth.1 The
energy transmitted in just one of these bursts detected in recent
years was calculated to be equivalent to 100 billion atomic bombs
similar to the one dropped on Hiroshima. Fifty-eight hours after
the burst, it was observed that the magnetic needles of compasses
displayed unusual movement and 250 kilometers above the earth's
atmosphere, the temperature suddenly increased to 2,500o
C. In
short, a perfect system is at work high above the Earth. It surrounds
our world and protects it against external threats. Scientists
only learned about it recently, yet centuries ago, God informed
us in the Qur'an of the world's atmosphere functioning as a protective
shield. THE
RETURNING SKY
The
verse 11 of Sura Tarik in the Qur'an, refers to the "returning"
function of the sky. By
Heaven with its cyclical systems. (The
Qur'an, 86:11) This
word interpreted as "cyclical" in Qur'an translations
also has meanings of "sending back" or "returning". As
known, the atmosphere surrounding the Earth consists of many layers.
Each layer serves an important purpose for the benefit of life.
Research has revealed that these layers have the function of turning
the materials or rays they are exposed to back into space or back
down to the Earth. Now let us examine with a few examples of this
"recycling" function of the layers encircling the Earth. The
troposphere, 13 to 15 kilometers above the Earth, enables water
vapor rising from the surface of the Earth to be condensed and
turn back as rain. The
ozone layer, at an altitude of 25 kilometers, reflects harmful
radiation and ultraviolet light coming from space and turns
both back into space. The
ionosphere, reflects radio waves broadcast from the Earth
back down to different parts of the world, just like a
passive communications satellite, and thus makes wireless communication,
radio, and television broadcasting possible over long distances.
The
magnetosphere layer turns the harmful radioactive particles
emitted by the Sun and other stars back into space before
they reach the Earth. The
fact that this property of the atmosphere's layers, that was onlt
demonstrated in the recent past was announced centuries ago in
the Qur'an, once again demonstrates that the Qur'an is the word
of God. THE
LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
One
fact about the universe revealed in the verses of the Qur'an is
that the sky is made up of seven layers. It
is He Who created everything on the earth for you and then directed
His attention up to heaven and arranged it into seven regular
heavens. He has knowledge of all things. (The
Qur'an, 2:29) Then
He turned to heaven when it was smoke. In two days He determined
them as seven heavens and revealed, in every heaven, its own mandate.
(The
Qur'an, 41:12) The
word "heavens", which appears in many verses in the
Qur'an, is used to refer to the sky above the Earth, as well as
the entire universe. Given this meaning of the word, it is seen
that the Earth's sky, or the atmosphere, is made up of seven layers. Indeed,
today it is known that the world's atmosphere consists of different
layers that lie on top of each other. Furthermore, it consists,
just as is described in the Qur'an, of exactly seven layers. In
a scientific source, the subject is described as follows: Scientists
have found that the atmosphere consists of several layers. The
layers differ in such physical properties as pressure and the
types of gasses. The layer of the atmosphere closest to Earth
is called the TROPOSPHERE. It contains about 90% of the total
mass of the atmosphere. The layer above the troposphere is called
the STRATOSPHERE. The OZONE LAYER is the part of the stratosphere
where absorption of ultraviolet rays occurs. The layer above the
stratosphere is called the MESOSPHERE. The THERMOSPHERE lies above
the mesosphere. The ionized gases form a layer within the thermosphere
called the IONOSPHERE. The outermost part of Earth's atmosphere
extends from about 480 km out to 960 km. This part is called the
EXOSPHERE.2 If
we count the number of layers cited in this source, we see that
the atmosphere consists of exactly seven layers, just as stated
in the verse. 1.
Troposphere 2.
Stratosphere 3.
Ozonosphere 4.
Mesosphere 5.
Thermosphere 6.
Ionosphere 7.
Exosphere Another
important miracle on this subject is mentioned in the statement
"(He) revealed, in every heaven, its own mandate.",
in verse 12 of Sura Fussilet. In other words, in the verse, God
states that He assigned each heaven its own duty. Truly, as seen
in previous chapters, each one of these layers has vital duties
for the benefit of human kind and all other living things on the
Earth. Each layer has a particular function, ranging from forming
rain to preventing harmful rays, from reflecting radio waves,
to averting the harmful effects of meteors. One
of these functions, for example, is stated in a scientific source
as follows: Earth's
atmosphere has 7 layers. The lowest layer is called troposphere.
Rain, snow and wind only take place in the troposphere.3 It
is a great miracle that these facts, which could not possibly
be discovered without the technology of the 20th century, were
explicitly stated by the Qur'an 1,400 years ago. THE
FUNCTION OF MOUNTAINS
The
Qur'an draws attention to a very important geological function
of mountains. We
placed firmly embedded mountains on the earth, so it would not
move under them… (The
Qur'an, 21:31) As
we have noticed, it is stated in the verse that mountains have
the function of preventing shocks in the Earth. This
fact was not known by anyone at the time the Qur'an was revealed.
It was in fact brought to light only recently as a result of the
findings of modern geology. According
to these findings, mountains emerge as a result of the movements
and collisions of massive plates forming the Earth's crust. When
two plates collide, the stronger one slides under the other, the
one on the top bends and forms heights and mountains. The layer
beneath proceeds under the ground and makes a deep extension downward.
That means that mountains have a portion stretching downwards,
as large as their visible parts on the Earth. In
a scientific text, the structure of mountains is described as
follows: Where
continents are thicker, as in mountain ranges,
the crust sinks deeper into the mantle.4 In
a verse, this role of the mountains is pointed out by a comparison
with "pegs": Have
We not made the earth as a bed and the mountains its pegs? (The
Qur'an, 78:6-7) Mountains,
in other words, clench the plates in the Earth's crust together
by extending above and beneath the Earth's surface at the conjunction
points of these plates. In this way, they fix the Earth's crust,
and prevent it from drifting over the magma stratum or among its
plates. Briefly, we may liken mountains to nails that keep pieces
of wood together. This
fixing function of the mountains is described in scientific literature
by the term "isostasy". Isostasy means the following: Isostasy:
general equilibrium in the Earth's crust maintained by a yielding
flow of rock material beneath the surface under gravitational
stress.5 This
vital role of mountains, that was discovered by modern geology
and seismic research, was revealed in the Qur'an centuries ago
as an example of the supreme wisdom in God's creation. We
placed firmly embedded mountains on the earth, so it would not
move under them... (The
Qur'an, 21:31) THE
MOVEMENT OF MOUNTAINS In
one verse, we are informed that mountains are not motionless as
they seem, but are in constant motion. You
will see the mountains you reckoned to be solid going past like
clouds. (The
Qur'an, 27:88) This
motion of the mountains is caused by the movement of the Earth's
crust that they are located on. The Earth's crust 'floats' over
the mantle layer, which is denser. It was at the beginning of
the 20th century when, for the first time in history, a German
scientist by the name of Alfred Wegener proposed that the continents
of the earth had been attached together when it first formed,
but then drifted in different directions, and thus separated as
they moved away from each other. Geologists
understood that that Wegener was right only in the 1980s, 50 years
after his death. As Wegener pointed out in an article published
in 1915, the land masses on the earth were joined together about
500 million years ago. As Wegener pointed out in a 1915 article,
the land masses of the earth were joined together some 500 million
years ago, and this large mass, called Pangaea, was located
in the South Pole. Approximately
180 million years ago, Pangaea divided into two parts,
which drifted in different directions. One of these giant continents
was Gondwana, which included Africa, Australia, Antarctica
and India. The second one was Laurasia, which included
Europe, North America and Asia, except for India. Over the next
150 million years following this separation, Gondwana and
Laurasia divided into smaller parts. These
continents that emerged after the split of Pangaea have
been constantly moving on the Earth's surface at several centimetres
per year, in the meantime changing the sea and land ratios of
the Earth. Discovered
as a result of the geological research carried out at the beginning
of the 20th century, this movement of the Earth's crust is explained
by scientists as follows: The
crust and the uppermost part of the mantle, with a thickness of
about 100 kms., are divided into segments called plates. There
are six major plates, and several small ones. According to the
theory called plate tectonics, these plates move about on Earth,
carrying continents and ocean floor with them. Continental motion
has been measured at from 1-5 cm per year. As the plates continue
to move about, this will produce a slow change in Earth's geography.
Each year, for instance, the Atlantic Ocean becomes slightly wider.6 There
is a very important point to be stated here: God has referred
to the motion of mountains as a drifting action in the verse.
Today, modern scientists also use the term "Continental
Drift" for this motion. 7 Unquestionably,
it is one of the miracles of the Qur'an that this scientific fact,
which has recently been discovered by science, was announced in
the Qur'an. THE
MIRACLE IN THE IRON
Iron
is one of the elements highlighted in the Qur'an. In Sura Hadid,
meaning Iron, we are informed: …And
We sent down iron in which there lies great force and which has
many uses for mankind.... (The
Qur'an, 57:25) The
word "sent down," particularly used for iron in the
verse, could be thought of having a metaphorical meaning to explain
that iron has been given to benefit people. But when we take into
consideration the literal meaning of the word, which is, "being
physically sent down from the sky", we realize that this
verse implies a very significant scientific miracle. This
is because modern astronomical findings have disclosed that the
iron found in our world has come from the giant stars in outer
space. The
heavy metals in the universe are produced in the nuclei of big
stars. Our solar system, however, does not possess a suitable
structure for producing iron on its own. Iron can only be produced
in much bigger stars than the Sun, where the temperature reaches
a few hundred million degrees. When the amount of iron exceeds
a certain level in a star, the star can no longer accommodate
it, and eventually it explodes in what is called a "nova"
or a "supernova". As a result of this explosion, meteors
containing iron are scattered around the universe, and they move
through the void until attracted by the gravitational force of
a celestial body. All
this shows that iron did not form on the Earth, but was carried
from exploding stars in space via meteors, and was "sent
down to earth", in exactly the same way as stated in
the verse: It is clear that this fact could not have been scientifically
known in the 7th century, when the Qur'an was revealed. THE
PAIRS IN CREATION
Glory
be to Him Who created all the pairs: from what the earth produces
and from themselves and from things unknown to them. (The
Qur'an, 37:36) Although
the concept of ''pair'' or "couple" commonly stands
for male and female, the statement of ''from things unknown to
them'' has wider implications. Today, one of the implications
of the verse has been revealed. The British scientist Paul Dirac,
who proposed that matter is created in pairs, was awarded the
Nobel Prize for physics in 1933. This discovery, called ''parité'',
maintains that matter is paired with its opposite: anti-matter.
Anti-matter carries the opposite properties to matter. For instance,
as opposed to matter, the electron of anti-matter is positively
charged and its protons are negatively charged. This fact is stated
in a scientific source in this way: ...every
particle has its antiparticle of opposite charge… …and the uncertainty
relation tells us that pair creation and pair annihilation happen
in the vacuum at all times, in all places.8
THE
RELATIVITY OF TIME
Today,
the relativity of time is a proven scientific fact. This was revealed
by Einstein's theory of relativity at the early years of the 20th
century. Until then, people did not know that time was a relative
concept, and that it could change according to the environment.
Yet, the great scientist Albert Einstein openly proved this fact
with the theory of relativity. He showed that time is dependent
on mass and velocity. In the history of humanity, no one had expressed
this fact clearly before. With
one exception though; the Qur'an included information about time's
being relative! Some verses about the subject read: They
ask you to hasten the punishment. God will not break His promise.
A day with your Lord is equivalent to a thousand years in the
way you count. (The
Qur'an, 22:47) He
directs the whole affair from heaven to earth. Then it will again
ascend to Him on a Day whose length is a thousand years by the
way you measure. (The
Qur'an, 32:5) The
angels and the Spirit ascend to Him in a day whose length is fifty
thousand years. (The
Qur'an, 70:4) In
some verses, it is indicated that people perceive time differently
and that sometimes people can perceive a very short period of
time as a very lengthy one. The following conversation of people
held during their judgement in the Hereafter is a good example
of this: He
will say, 'How many years did you tarry on the earth?' They will
say, 'We tarried there for a day or part of a day. Ask those able
to count!' He will say, 'You only tarried there for a little while
if you did but know! (The
Qur'an, 23:12) The
fact that the relativity of time is so clearly mentioned in the
Qur'an, which started to be revealed in 610, is another evidence
that it is a holy book. THE
PROPORTION OF RAIN
One
of the items of information given in the Qur'an about rain is
that it is sent down to Earth in due measure. This is mentioned
in Sura Zukhruf as follows; It
is He who sends down water in due measure from the sky by which
We bring a dead land back to life. That is how you too will be
raised (from the dead). (The
Qur'an, 43:11) This
measured quantity in rain has again been discovered by modern
research. It is estimated that in one second, approximately 16
million tons of water evaporates from the Earth. This figure amounts
to 513 trillion tons of water in one year. This number is equal
to the amount of rain that falls on the Earth in a year. This
means that water continuously circulates in a balanced cycle,
in a "measure". Life on Earth depends on this water
cycle. Even if people used all the available technology in the
world, they would not be able to reproduce this cycle artificially. Even
a minor deviation in this equilibrium would very soon give rise
to a major ecological imbalance that would bring about the end
of life on Earth. Yet, this never happens, and rain keeps falling
every year in exactly the same quantity just as revealed in the
Qur'an. THE
FORMATION OF RAIN
How
rain forms remained a great mystery for a long time. Only after
weather radar was invented was it possible to discover the stages
by which rain is formed. According
to this, the formation of rain takes place in three stages. First,
the "raw material" of rain rises up into the air with
the wind. Later, clouds are formed, and finally raindrops appear.
The
Qur'an's account of the formation of rain refers exactly to this
process. In one verse, this formation is described in this way:
It
is God Who sends the winds which stir up clouds which He spreads
about the sky however He wills. He forms them into dark clumps
and you see the rain come pouring out from the middle of them.
When He makes it fall on those of His slaves He wills, they rejoice.
(The
Qur'an, 30:48) Now,
let us examine these three stages outlined in the verse more technically.
FIRST
STAGE: " It is God Who sends the winds..." Countless
air bubbles formed by the foaming of the oceans continuously burst
and cause water particles to be ejected towards the sky. These
particles, which are rich in salt, are then carried away by winds
and rise upward in the atmosphere. These particles, which are
called aerosols, function as water traps, and form cloud drops
by collecting around the water vapour themselves, which rises
from the seas as tiny droplets. SECOND
STAGE: ".... which stir up clouds which He spreads about
the sky however He wills. He forms them into dark clumps..." The
clouds are formed from water vapour that condenses around the
salt crystals or dust particles in the air. Because the water
droplets in these clouds are very small (with a diameter between
0.01 and 0.02 mm), the clouds are suspended in the air, and spread
across the sky. Thus, the sky is covered in clouds. THIRD
STAGE: "…and you see the rain come pouring our from the middle
of them" The
water particles that surround salt crystals and dust particles
thicken and form raindrops, so, drops that become heavier than
the air leave the clouds and start to fall to the ground as rain.
As
we have seen, every stage in the formation of rain is related
in the verses of the Qur'an. Furthermore, these stages are explained
in exactly the right sequence. Just as with many other natural
phenomena on the Earth, God gives the most correct explanation
of this phenomenon as well, and made it known to people in the
Qur'an centuries before it was discovered. In
another verse, the following information is given about the formation
of rain: Have
you not seen how God drives along the clouds, then joins them
together, then makes them into a stack, and then you see the rain
come out of it? And He sends down from the sky mountain masses
(of clouds) with cold hail in them, striking with it anyone He
wills and averting it from anyone He wills. The brightness of
His lightning almost blinds the sight. (The
Qur'an, 24:43) Scientists
studying cloud types came across surprising results regarding
the formation of rain clouds. Rain clouds are formed and shaped
according to definite systems and stages. The formation stages
of cumulonimbus, one kind of rain cloud, are these: 1.STAGE,
Being driven along: Clouds
are carried along, that is, they are driven along, by the wind.
2.STAGE,
Joining:
Then, small clouds (cumulus clouds) driven along by the wind join
together, forming a larger cloud.9
3.STAGE,
Stacking:
When the small clouds join together, updrafts within the larger
cloud increase. The updrafts near the centre of the cloud are
stronger than those near the edges. These updrafts cause the cloud
body to grow vertically, so the cloud is stacked up. This vertical
growth causes the cloud body to stretch into cooler regions of
the atmosphere, where drops of water and hail formulate and begin
to grow larger and larger. When these drops of water and hail
become too heavy for the updrafts to support them, they begin
to fall from the cloud as rain, hail, etc.10 We
must remember that meteorologists have only recently come to know
these details of cloud formation, structure and function, by using
advanced equipment like planes, satellites, computers etc. It
is evident that God has given us a piece of information that could
not have been known 1,400 years ago. THE
FECUNDATING WINDS
In
one verse of the Qur'an, the "fecundating" characteristic
of the winds, and the formation of rain as a result are mentioned. And
We send the fecundating winds, then cause water to descend from
the sky, therewith providing you with water in abundance. (The
Qur'an, 15:22) In
this verse, it is pointed out that the first stage in the formation
of rain is wind. Until the beginning of the 20th century, the
only relationship between the wind and the rain that was known,
was that the wind drove the clouds. However, modern meteorological
findings have demonstrated the "fecundating" role of
the wind in the formation of rain. This
fecundating function of the wind works in the following way: On
the surface of oceans and seas, countless air bubbles form because
of the water's foaming action. The moment these bubbles burst,
thousands of tiny particles, with a diameter of just one hundredth
of a millimeter, are thrown up into the air. These particles,
known as "aerosols", mix with dust carried from the
land by the wind, and are carried to the upper layers of the atmosphere.
These particles carried to higher altitudes by winds come into
contact with water vapour up there. Water vapour condenses around
these particles and turns into water droplets. These water droplets
first come together and form clouds, and then fall to the Earth
in the form of rain. As
seen, winds "fecundate" the water vapour floating in
the air with the particles they carry from the sea, and eventually
help the formation of rain clouds. If
winds did not possess this property, water droplets in the upper
atmosphere would never form, and there would be no such thing
as rain. The
most important point here is that this critical role of the wind
in the formation of rain was stated centuries ago in a verse of
the Qur'an, at a time when people knew very little about natural
phenomena… THE
SEAS' NOT MINGLING WITH ONE ANOTHER
One
of the properties of seas that has only recently been discovered
is related in a verse of the Qur'an as follows: He
has let loose the two seas, converging together, with a barrier
between them they do not break through. (The
Qur'an, 55:19-20) This
property of the seas, that they come together yet do not mingle
with one another at all, has only very recently been discovered
by oceanographers. Because of the physical force called "surface
tension", the waters of neighboring seas do not mix. Caused
by the difference in the density of their waters, surface tension
prevents them from mingling with one another, just as if a thin
wall were between them.11 The
interesting side to this is that during a period when people had
no knowledge of physics, surface tension, or oceanography; this
was revealed in the Qur'an. DARKNESS
IN THE SEAS, AND INTERNAL WAVES
Or
(the unbelievers' state) are like the darkness of a fathomless
sea which is covered by waves above which are waves above which
are clouds, layers of darkness, one upon the other. If he puts
out his hand, he can scarcely see it. Those God gives no light
to, they have no light. (The
Qur'an, 24:40) The
general environment in deep seas is described in the book named
Oceans: The
darkness in deep seas and oceans is found around a depth of 200
meters and below. At this depth, there is almost no light. Below
a depth of 1000 meters there is no light at all.12 Today,
we know about the general structure of the sea, the characteristics
of the living things in it, its salinity, as well as the amount
of water it contains, its surface area and depth. Submarines and
special equipment, developed with modern technology, enable scientists
to obtain this information. Human
beings are not able to dive more than 40 meters down without the
aid of special equipment. They cannot survive unaided in the deep,
dark parts of the oceans, such as at a depth of 200 meters. For
these reasons, scientists have only recently been able to discover
these detailed pieces of information about seas. However, the
statement of "darkness in a deep sea" was used in Sura
Nur 1,400 years ago. It is certainly one of the miracles of the
Qur'an that such information was given at a time where no equipment
to enable man to dive into the depths of the oceans was available.
In
addition, the statement in verse 40 of Sura Nur "…like
the darkness of a fathomless sea which is covered by waves above
which are waves above which are clouds…" draws our attention
to another miracle of the Qur'an. Scientists
have recently discovered that there are internal waves, which
"occur on density interfaces between layers of different
densities." These internal waves cover the deep waters of
seas and oceans because deep water has a higher density than the
water above it. Internal waves act like surface waves. They can
break, just like surface waves. Internal waves cannot be seen
by the human eye, but they can be detected by studying temperature
or salinity changes at a given location.13 The
statements in the Qur'an run absolutely parallel to the above
explanation. Without research, one can only see the waves on the
surface of the sea. It is impossible for one to know about the
internal waves beneath the sea. Yet, in Sura Nur, God draws our
attention to another type of wave that occurs in the depths of
the oceans. Certainly, this fact, which scientists has discovered
very recently, shows once again that the Qur'an is the word of
God. THE
REGION THAT CONTROLS OUR MOVEMENTS
No
indeed! If he does not stop, We will grab him by the forelock,
a lying, sinful forelock. (The
Qur'an, 96:15-16) The
expression "the lying, sinful forelock" in the above
verse is most interesting. Research carried out in recent years
revealed that the prefrontal area, which is responsible for the
management of particular functions of the brain, lies in the frontal
part of the skull. Scientists only discovered the functions of
this area, which the Qur'an pointed out 1,400 years ago, in the
last 60 years. If we look inside the skull at the front of the
head, we will find the frontal area of the cerebrum. A book entitled
Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, which includes the
results of the latest research on the functions of this area,
says: The
motivation and the foresight to plan and initiate movements occur
in the anterior portion of the frontal lobes, the prefrontal area.
This is a region of association cortex…14 The
book also says: In
relation to its involvement in motivation, the prefrontal area
is also thought to be the functional center for aggression…15 So,
this area of the cerebrum is responsible for planning, motivation,
and initiating good and sinful behaviour, and is responsible for
telling lies and the truth. It
is clear that the statement "the lying, sinful forelock"
corresponds completely to the above explanations. This fact, which
scientists have only discovered in the last 60 years, was stated
by God in the Qur'an long years ago. THE
BIRTH OF A HUMAN BEING
Many
diverse subjects are mentioned in the Qur'an in the course of
inviting people to believe. Sometimes the heavens, sometimes animals,
and sometimes plants are shown as evidence to man by God. In many
of the verses, people are called upon to turn their attention
to their own creation. They are often reminded how man came into
the world, which stages he has passed through, and what his essence
is: It
is We Who have created you. Why, then, do you not accept the truth?
Have you ever considered that (seed) which you emit? Is it you
who create it? Or are We the Creator? (The
Qur'an, 56:57-59) The
creation of man, and the miraculous aspect of this, is stressed
in many other verses. Some items of information within these verses
are so detailed that it is impossible for anyone living in the
7th century to have known them. Some of these are as follows: 1.
Man is not created from the entire semen, but only a very small
portion of it (sperm). 2.
It is the male that determines the sex of the baby. 3.
The human embryo adheres to the mother's uterus like a leech. 4.
The embryo develops in three dark regions in the uterus. People
living when the Qur'an was revealed, to be sure, knew that the
basic substance of birth was related to the semen of the male
emitted during sexual intercourse. And the fact that the baby
was born after a nine-month period was obviously an observable
event not calling for any further investigation. However, the
items of information just quoted were far above the level of learning
of the people living at that time. These were verified by 20th
century science. Now,
let us go over them one by one. A
Drop of Semen During
sexual intercourse, 250 million sperms are emitted from the male
at a time. The sperms undertake an arduous journey in the mother's
body until they make it to the ovum. Only a thousand out of 250
million sperms succeed in reaching the ovum. At the end of this
five-minute race, the ovum, half the size of a grain of salt,
will let only one of the sperms in. That is, the essence of man
is not the whole semen, but only a small part of it. This is explained
in the Qur'an: Does
man reckon he will be left uncontrolled (without purpose)? Was
he not once a drop of ejected semen? (The
Qur'an, 75:36-37) As
we have seen, the Qur'an informs us that man is made not from
the entire semen, but only a small part of it. That the particular
emphasis in this statement announces a fact only discovered by
modern science is evidence that the statement is divine in origin. The
Mixture in the Semen The
fluid called semen, which contains the sperms, does not consist
of sperms alone. On the contrary, it is made up of a mixture of
different fluids. These fluids have different functions, such
as containing the sugar necessary for providing energy for the
sperms, neutralising the acids at the entrance of the uterus,
and creating a slippery environment for the easy movement of the
sperms. Interestingly
enough, when semen is mentioned in the Qur'an, this fact, which
was discovered by modern science, is also referred to, and semen
is defined as a mixed fluid: We
created man from a mingled drop to test him, and We made him hearing
and seeing. (The
Qur'an, 76:2) In
another verse, semen is again referred to as a mixture, and it
is stressed that man is created from the "extract" of
this mixture: He
who has created all things in the best possible way. He commenced
the creation of man from clay; then He made his progeny from an
extract of discarded fluid. (The
Qur'an, 32:7-8) The
Arabic word "sulala", translated as "extract",
means the essential or best part of something. By either implication,
it means "part of a whole". This shows that the Qur'an
is the word of a Will that knows the creation of man down to its
slightest detail. This Will is God, the Creator of man. The
Sex of the Baby Until
fairly recently, it was thought that a baby's sex was determined
by the mother's cells. Or at least, it was believed that the sex
was determined by the male and female cells together. But we are
given different information in the Qur'an, where it is stated
that masculinity or femininity is created out of "a drop
of sperm which has been ejected". He
has created both sexes, male and female from a drop of semen which
has been ejected. (The
Qur'an, 53:45-46) The
developing disciplines of genetics and molecular biology have
scientifically validated the accuracy of this information given
by the Qur'an. It is now understood that sex is determined by
the sperm cells from the male, and that the female has no role
in this process. Chromosomes
are the main elements in determining sex. Two of the 46 chromosomes
that determine the structure of a human being are identified as
the sex chromosomes. These two chromosomes are called "XY"
in males, and "XX" in females, because the shapes of
the chromosomes resemble these letters. The Y chromosome carries
the genes that code for masculinity, while the X chromosome carries
the genes that code for femininity. The
formation of a new human being begins with the cross combination
of one of these chromosomes, which exist in males and females
in pairs. In females, both components of the sex cell, which divides
into two during ovulation, carry X chromosomes. The sex cell of
a male, on the other hand, produces two different kinds of sperm,
one that contains X chromosomes and the other Y chromosomes. If
an X chromosome from the female unites with a sperm that contains
an X chromosome, then the baby is female. If it unites with the
sperm that contains a Y chromosome, the baby is male. In
other words, a baby's sex is determined by which chromosome from
the male unites with the female's ovum. None
of this was known until the discovery of genetics in the 20th
century. Indeed, in many cultures, it was believed that a baby's
sex was determined by the female's body. That was why women were
blamed when they gave birth to girls. Thirteen
centuries before human genes were discovered, however, the Qur'an
revealed information that denies this superstition, and referred
to the origin of sex lying not with women, but with the semen
coming from men. The
Clot Clinging to the Uterus If
we keep on examining the facts announced to us in the Qur'an about
the formation of human beings, we again encounter some very important
scientific miracles. When
the sperm of the male unites with the ovum of the female, the
essence of the baby to be born is formed. This single cell, known
as a "zygote" in biology, will instantly start to reproduce
by dividing, and eventually become a "piece of flesh"
called an embryo. This of course can only be seen by human beings
with the aid of a microscope. The
embryo, however, does not spend its developmental period in a
void. It clings to the uterus just like roots that are firmly
fixed to the earth by their tendrils. Through this bond, the embryo
can obtain the substances essential to its development from the
mother's body.16 Here,
at this point, a very significant miracle of the Qur'an is revealed.
While referring to the embryo developing in the mother's womb,
God uses the word "alaq" in the Qur'an: Recite:
In the name of your Lord Who created man from alaq. Recite: And
your Lord is the Most Generous. (The
Qur'an, 96:1-3) The
meaning of the word "alaq" in Arabic is "a thing
that clings to some place". The word is literally used to
describe leeches that cling to a body to suck blood. Certainly,
the use of such an appropriate word for the embryo developing
in the mother's womb, proves once again that the Qur'an is a revelation
from God, the Lord of all the Worlds. The
wrapping of muscles over the bones Another
important aspect of the information given in the verses of the
Qur'an is the developmental stages of a human being in the mother's
womb. It is stated in the verses that in the mother's womb, the
bones develop first, and then the muscles form which wrap around
them. (We)
then formed the drop into a clot and formed the clot into a lump
and formed the lump into bones and clothed the bones in flesh;
and then brought him into being as another creature. Blessed be
God, the Best of Creators! (The
Qur'an, 23:14) Embryology
is the branch of science that studies the development of the embryo
in the mother's womb. Until very recently, embryologists assumed
that the bones and muscles in an embryo developed at the same
time. For this reason, for a long time, some people claimed that
these verses conflicted with science. Yet, advanced microscopic
research conducted by virtue of new technological developments
has revealed that the revelation of the Qur'an is word for word
correct. These
observations at the microscopic level showed that the development
inside the mother's womb takes place in just the way it is described
in the verses. First, the cartilage tissue of the embryo ossifies.
Then muscular cells that are selected from amongst the tissue
around the bones come together and wrap around the bones. This
event is described in a scientific publication titled Developing
Human in the following words: During
the seventh week, the skeleton begins to spread throughout the
body and the bones take their familiar shapes. At the end of the
seventh week and during the eighth week the muscles take their
positions around the bone forms.17 In
short, man's developmental stages as described in the Qur'an are
in perfect harmony with the findings of modern embryology. Three
Stages of the Baby in the Womb In
the Qur'an, it is related that man is created in a three-stage
process in the mother's womb. ...
He creates you stage by stage in your mothers' wombs in a threefold
darkness. That is God, your Lord. Sovereignty is His. There is
no god but Him. So what has made you deviate? (The
Qur'an, 39:6) As
will be understood, it is pointed out in this verse that a human
being is created in the mother's womb in three distinct stages.
Indeed, modern biology has revealed that the baby's embryological
development takes place in three distinct regions in the mother's
womb. Today, in all the embryology textbooks studied in faculties
of medicine, this subject is taken as an element of basic knowledge.
For instance in Basic Human Embryology, a fundamental reference
text in the field of embryology, this fact is stated as follows:
"The life in the uterus has three stages: pre-embryonic;
first two and a half weeks, embryonic; until the end of the eight
week, and fetal; from the eight week to labor."18 These
phases refer to the different developmental stages of a baby.
In brief, the main characteristics of these developmental stages
are as follows: -
Pre-embryonic stage In
this first phase, the zygote grows by division, and when it becomes
a cell cluster, it buries itself in the wall of the uterus. While
they continue growing, the cells organise themselves in three
layers. -
Embryonic Stage The
second phase lasts for five and a half weeks, during which the
baby is called an "embryo". In this stage, the basic
organs and systems of the body start to appear from the cell layers.
-
Fetal stage From
this stage on, the embryo is called a "foetus". This
phase begins at the eighth week of gestation and lasts until the
moment of birth. The distinctive characteristic of this stage
is that the foetus looks just like a human being, with its face,
hands and feet. Although it is only 3 cm. long initially, all
of its organs have become apparent. This phase lasts for about
30 weeks, and development continues until the week of delivery.
Information
on the development in the mother's womb became available only
after observations with modern devices. Yet, just like many other
scientific facts, these pieces of information are imparted in
the verses of the Qur'an in a miraculous way. The fact that such
detailed and accurate information was given in the Qur'an at a
time when people had scarce information on medical matters is
clear evidence that the Qur'an is not the word of man, but the
word of God. MOTHER'S
MILK
Mother's
milk is an unmatched mixture that is created by God as both an
excellent food-source for the newborn baby, and a substance that
increases its resistance to diseases. Even artificial baby food
produced by today's technology cannot substitute for this miraculous
source of nutrition. Every
day, a new benefit of mother's milk to the baby is discovered.
One of the facts that science has discovered about mother's milk
is that suckling up to two years after birth is very beneficial.19
God gives us this important information, which was discovered
by science only very recently, with the verse "…his weaning
was in two years.." 14 centuries ago. And
We have enjoined upon man goodness towards his parents: his mother
bore him by bearing strain upon strain, and his weaning was in
two years: (hence, O man,) be grateful to Me and to your parents;
to Me is the eventual coming. (The
Qur'an, 31:14) THE
IDENTITY IN THE FINGERPRINT
While
it is stated in the Qur'an that it is easy for God to bring man
back to life after death, peoples' fingerprints are particularly
emphasized: Yes,
We are able to put together in perfect order the very tips of
his fingers. (The
Qur'an, 75:3-4) The
emphasis on fingerprints has a very special meaning. This is because
everyone's fingerprint is unique to himself. Every person who
is alive or who has ever lived in this world has a set of unique
fingerprints. That
is why fingerprints are accepted as a very important proof of
identity, exclusive to their owner, and are used for this purpose
around the world. But
what is important is that this feature of fingerprints was only
discovered in the late 19th century. Before then, people regarded
fingerprints as ordinary curves without any specific importance
or meaning. However in the Qur'an, God points to the fingertips,
which did not attract anyone's attention at that time, and calls
our attention to their importance–an importance that was only
finally understood in our day. PART
TWO: THE INFORMATION GIVEN ABOUT THE FUTURE IN THE QUR'AN INTRODUCTION
Another
miraculous aspect of the Qur'an is that it revealed beforehand
a number important events that would occur in the future. Verse
27 of Sura Fath, for example, gave the believers the glad tidings
that they would conquer Mecca, which was then under pagan occupation: God
has confirmed His Messenger's vision with truth: 'You will enter
the Masjid al-Haram in safety, God willing, shaving your heads
and cutting your hair without any fear.' He knew what you did
not know and ordained, in place of this, an imminent victory.
(The
Qur'an, 48:27) On
close consideration, the verse can be seen to announce yet another
victory that will take place before the victory of Mecca. Indeed,
as stated in the verse, the believers first conquered the Khyber
Fortress, which was under the control of the Jews, and then entered
Mecca. The
announcement of the events that will take place in the future
is only one of the pieces of wisdom in the Qur'an. This is also
evidence to the fact that the Qur'an is the word of God, Who has
infinite knowledge. The defeat of Byzantium is one of the pieces
of news given about the future, accompanied by other information
that could not have been known by the people of that time. The
most interesting point about this historical event, which will
be examined in detail in the following pages, is that the Romans
were defeated in the lowest region in the world. This is interesting
because "the lowest point" is particularly stressed
in the relevant verse. With the technology of that time, it was
obviously impossible to make such a measurement and to determine
the lowest point in the world. This is a revelation to people
from God, the All-Knowing. THE
VICTORY OF BYZANTIUM
Another
astonishing piece of revelation that the Qur'an gives about the
future is to be found in the first verses of Sura Rum, which refers
to the Byzantine Empire, the eastern part of the later Roman Empire.
In these verses, it is stated that the Byzantine Empire had met
with a great defeat, but that it would soon gain victory. Elif,
Lam, Mim. The Romans have been defeated in the lowest land, but
after their defeat they will themselves be victorious in a few
years' time. The affair is God's from beginning to end. (The
Qur'an, 30:1-4) These
verses were revealed around 620 AD, almost seven years after the
severe defeat of Christian Byzantium at the hands of the idolater
Persians. Yet it was related in the verses that Byzantium would
shortly be victorious. In fact, Byzantium had then suffered such
heavy losses that it seemed impossible for it even to survive,
let alone be victorious again. Not only the Persians, but also
Avars, Slavs and Lombards posed serious threats to the Byzantine
Empire. The Avars had reached as far as the walls of Constantinople.
The Byzantine Emperor Heraclius had ordered the gold and silver
in churches to be melted and turned into money in order to meet
the expenses of the army. When these proved insufficient, even
bronze statues were melted down to be turned into money. Many
governors had revolted against Emperor Heraclius, and the empire
was on the point of collapse. Mesopotamia, Cilicia, Syria, Palestine,
Egypt and Armenia, which had earlier belonged to Byzantium, were
invaded by the idolater Persians.20 In
short, everyone was expecting the Byzantine Empire to be destroyed.
But right at that moment, the first verses of Sura Rum were revealed,
announcing that Byzantium would triumph in a few years' time.
This victory seemed so impossible that Arab polytheists had gone
so far as to make fun of these verses. They thought that the victory
announced in the Qur'an would never come true. Around
seven years after the revelation of the first verses of Sura Rum,
in December 627 AD, a decisive battle between Byzantium and the
Persian Empire was fought at Nineveh. And this time the Byzantine
army unexpectedly defeated the Persians. A few months later, the
Persians had to make an agreement with Byzantium, which obliged
them to return the territories they had taken from it.21 At
the end, "the victory of the Romans," proclaimed by
God in the Qur'an, miraculously came true. Another
miracle revealed in these verses is the announcement of a geographical
fact that could not have been known by anyone at that time. In
the third verse of Sura Rum, we are informed that the Romans had
been defeated in the lowest region of the Earth. This expression,
"Adna al Ard" in Arabic, is interpreted as "a nearby
place" in many translations. Yet this is not the literal
meaning of the original statement, but rather a figurative interpretation
of it. The word "Adna" in Arabic is derived from the
word "deni", which means "low" and "ard",
which means "world". Therefore the expression "Adna
al Ard" means "the lowest place on the Earth". Most
interestingly, the crucial stages of the war fought between the
Byzantine Empire and the Persians, when the Byzantines were defeated
and lost Jerusalem, had really taken place at the lowest point
on earth. This specified region is the Dead Sea basin, which is
situated at the intersection point of the lands belonging to Syria,
Palestine, and Jordan. The "Dead Sea", lying 395 meters
below sea level, really is the lowest region on Earth. This
means that the Byzantines were defeated at the lowest part of
the world, just as stated in the verse. The
most interesting point lies in the fact that the altitude of the
Dead Sea could only be measured with modern measurement techniques.
Before that, it was impossible for anyone to know that it was
the lowest region on the surface of the Earth. Yet, this region
was stated to be the lowest point on the Earth in the Qur'an.
Hence, this provides further evidence that the Qur'an is divine
revelation. PART
THREE: THE HISTORICAL MIRACLES OF THE QUR'AN
THE
WORD "HAMAN" IN THE QUR'AN
The
information given in the Qur'an about ancient Egypt reveals many
historical facts that had remained undisclosed until recent times.
These facts also indicate to us that every word in the Qur'an
has been revealed by sure wisdom. Haman
is a character whose name is mentioned in the Qur'an, along with
the Pharaoh. He is recorded in six different places of the Qur'an
as one of the closest men to the Pharaoh. Surprisingly
the name of Haman is never mentioned in those sections of the
Torah pertaining to the life of Moses. However, the mention of
Haman can be found in the last chapters of the Old Testament as
the helper of a Babylonian king who inflicted many cruelties on
the Israelites approximately 1,100 years after Moses. Some
non-Muslims, who claim that the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon
him) wrote the Qur'an by copying from the Torah and the Bible,
also assert that during the process, he transferred some of the
subjects related in these books into the Qur'an incorrectly. The
absurdity of these claims was demonstrated only after the Egyptian
hieroglyphic alphabet had been deciphered, approximately 200 years
ago, and the name "Haman" discovered in the ancient
scripts. Before
these discoveries, the writings and inscriptions of ancient Egypt
could not be understood. The language of ancient Egypt was hieroglyphic,
which survived through the ages. However, with the spread of Christianity
and other cultural influences in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD,
Egypt forsook its ancient beliefs as well as hieroglyphic writing.
The last known example of the use of hieroglyphic writing was
an inscription dated 394 AD. Then that language was forgotten,
leaving nobody who could read and understand it. And that was
the situation until some 200 years ago… The
mystery of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics was solved in 1799 by
the discovery of a tablet called the "Rosetta Stone"
dating back to 196 B.C. The importance of this inscription was
that it was written in three different forms of writing: Hieroglyphics,
demotic (a simplified form of ancient Egyptian hieratic writing)
and Greek. With the help of the Greek script, the ancient Egyptian
writings were decoded. The translation of the inscription was
completed by a Frenchman named Jean-Françoise Champollion. Hence
a forgotten language and the events related in it were brought
to light. In this way, a great deal of knowledge about the civilization,
religion and social life of ancient Egypt became available. Through
the decoding of hieroglyph, an important piece of knowledge was
revealed: the name "Haman" was indeed mentioned in Egyptian
inscriptions. This name was referred to in a monument in the Hof
Museum in Vienna.22 In
the dictionary of People in the New Kingdom, that was prepared
based on the entire collection of inscriptions, Haman is said
to be "the head of stone quarry workers".23 The
result revealed a very important truth. Unlike the false assertion
of the opponents of the Qur'an, Haman was a person who lived in
Egypt at the time of Moses, who had been close to the Pharaoh,
and had been involved in construction work, just as imparted in
the Qur'an. Furthermore,
the verse in the Qur'an describing the event where the Pharaoh
asked Haman to build a tower is in perfect agreement with this
archaeological finding: Pharaoh
said, 'Council, I do not know of any other god for you apart from
Me. Haman, kindle a fire for me over the clay and build me a lofty
tower so that perhaps I may be able to climb up to Moses' god!
I consider him a blatant liar.' (The
Qur'an, 28:38) In
conclusion, the existence of the name Haman in the ancient Egyptian
inscriptions not only rendered the fabricated claims of the opponents
of the Qur'an worthless, but also confirmed one more time the
fact that the Qur'an comes from God. In a miraculous way, the
Qur'an conveys to us historical information that could not have
been possessed or understood at the time of the Prophet. TITLES
OF EGYPTIAN RULERS IN THE QUR'AN
Moses
was not the only prophet who lived in the lands of Egypt in the
history of ancient Egypt. The Prophet Joseph had lived in Egypt
long before the time of Moses. We
encounter a certain parallel while reading about the stories of
Moses and Joseph. While addressing the Egyptian ruler at the time
of Joseph, the work "malik" (the King) is used in the
Qur'an: The
King (malik) said, 'Bring him (Joseph) to me straight away! so
I may draw him very close to me.' When he had spoken with him,
he declared, 'Today you are trusted, established in our sight.'
(The
Qur'an, 12:54) In
contrast, the ruler at Moses' time is referred to as the "Pharaoh": We
gave Moses nine Clear Signs. Ask the tribe of Israel about when
he came to them and Pharaoh said to him, 'Moses, I think you are
bewitched.' (The
Qur'an, 17:101) Historical
records available today show us the reason for the different nomenclature
of these rulers. The word "pharaoh" was originally the
name given to the royal palace in ancient Egypt. The rulers of
the old dynasty did not use the title. The use of the word pharaoh
as the title of the ruler did not start until the "New Kingdom"
era of Egyptian history. This period started with the 18th dynasty
(1539-1292 BC), and by the 20th dynasty (945-730 BC) the word
"pharaoh" was adopted as title of respect. Therefore
the miraculous nature of the Qur'an is manifested here once again:
Joseph lived at the time of the Old Kingdom, and hence the word
"malik" was used for the Egyptian ruler rather than
"pharaoh". On the contrary, since Moses lived at the
time of the New Kingdom, the ruler of Egypt is addressed as "pharaoh". There
is no doubt that one has to have a knowledge of the history of
Egypt in order to make such a distinction. However, the history
of Ancient Egypt was completely forgotten by the 4th century,
as hieroglyphics could no longer be understood, and was not rediscovered
until the 19th century. Therefore, there was no in-depth knowledge
of Egyptian history available when the Qur'an was revealed. This
fact is yet another one of countless pieces of evidence proving
that the Qur'an is the word of God. CONCLUSION:
THE QUR'AN IS THE WORD OF GOD
All
that we have seen so far shows us one clear fact: the Qur'an is
such a book that all the news related in it has proved to be true.
Facts about scientific subjects and the news given about the future,
facts that no one could have known at the time, were announced
in its verses. It is impossible for this information to have been
known with the level of knowledge and technology of the day. It
is clear that this provides clear evidence that the Qur'an is
not the word of man. The Qur'an is the word of the Almighty God,
the Originator of everything and the One Who encompasses everything
with His knowledge. In one verse, God says on the Qur'an "If
it had been from other than God, they would have found many inconsistencies
in it." (The Qur'an, 4:82) Not only are there no inconsistencies
in the Qur'an, but every piece of information it contains reveals
the miracle of this divine book more and more each day. What
falls to man is to hold fast to this divine book revealed by God,
and receive it as his one and only guide. In one of the verses,
God calls out to us: And
this is a Book We have sent down and blessed, so follow it and
have fear of God so that hopefully you will gain mercy. (The
Qur'an, 6:155) In
His other verses, God remarks: Say:
'It is the truth from your Lord. Let anyone who wishes to, believe,
and let anyone who wishes to, disbelieve.' (The
Qur'an, 18:29) No
indeed! Truly it (the Qur'an) is a reminder, and whoever wills
pays heed to it. (The
Qur'an, 80:11-12) PART
FOUR: THE EVOLUTION MISCONCEPTION Introduction We
have discussed some miracles of God's Book, which He sent to mankind
as a guide and warning. With these miracles, God has given us
many signs that the Qur'an is the Book of Truth, and invited people
to reflect upon it. One of the most important subjects God points
to in the Qur'an is man's recognition of the flawless signs of
creation on the Earth and appreciation of His might through remembering
them. Today, however, there are various ideologies which want
to make people oblivious of the Fact of Creation and try to divorce
them from religion with baseless ideas. The
most significant of these is materialism. Darwinism,
i.e., the theory of evolution, is the main theory that materialism
adopts as a so-called scientific basis for its own ends. This
theory, which claims that life originated from inanimate matter
by chance, has actually collapsed with the confirmation of the
fact that the universe was created by God. It
is God Who created the universe and Who designed it down to its
smallest detail. Therefore, it is impossible for the theory of
evolution, which holds that living beings are not created by God,
but are products of coincidences, to be true. Unsurprisingly,
when we look at the theory of evolution, we see that this theory
is denounced by scientific findings. The design in life is extremely
complex and striking. In the inanimate world, for instance, we
can explore how sensitive are the balances which atoms rest upon,
and further, in the animate world, we can observe in what complex
designs these atoms were brought together, and how extraordinary
are the mechanisms and structures such as proteins, enzymes, and
cells, which are manufactured with them. This
extraordinary design in life invalidated Darwinism at the end
of the 20th century. We
have dealt with this subject in great detail in some of our other
studies, and shall continue to do so. However, we think that,
considering its importance, it will be helpful to make a short
summary here as well. The
Scientific Collapse of Darwinism Although
a doctrine going back as far as ancient Greece, the theory of
evolution was advanced extensively in the 19th century. The most
important development that made the theory the top topic of the
world of science was the book by Charles Darwin titled "The
Origin of Species" published in 1859. In this book, Darwin
denied that different living species on the earth were created
separately by God. According to Darwin, all living beings had
a common ancestor and they diversified over time through small
changes. Darwin's
theory was not based on any concrete scientific finding; as he
also accepted, it was just an "assumption." Moreover,
as Darwin confessed in the long chapter of his book titled "Difficulties
of the Theory," the theory was failing in the face of many
critical questions. Darwin
invested all his hopes in new scientific discoveries, which he
expected to solve the "Difficulties of the Theory."
However, contrary to his expectations, scientific findings expanded
the dimensions of these difficulties. The
defeat of Darwinism against science can be reviewed under three
basic topics: 1)
The theory can by no means explain how life originated on the
earth. 2)
There is no scientific finding showing that the "evolutionary
mechanisms" proposed by the theory have any power to evolve
at all. 3)
The fossil record proves completely the contrary of the suggestions
of the theory of evolution. In
this section, we will examine these three basic points in general
outlines: The
First Insurmountable Step: The Origin of Life The
theory of evolution posits that all living species evolved from
a single living cell that emerged on the primitive earth 3.8 billion
years ago. How a single cell could generate millions of complex
living species and, if such an evolution really occurred, why
traces of it cannot be observed in the fossil record are some
of the questions the theory cannot answer. However, first and
foremost, of the first step of the alleged evolutionary process
it has to be inquired: How did this "first cell" originate? Since
the theory of evolution denies creation and does not accept any
kind of supernatural intervention, it maintains that the "first
cell" originated coincidentally within the laws of nature,
without any design, plan, or arrangement. According to the theory,
inanimate matter must have produced a living cell as a result
of coincidences. This, however, is a claim inconsistent with even
the most unassailable rules of biology. "Life
Comes from Life" In
his book, Darwin never referred to the origin of life. The primitive
understanding of science in his time rested on the assumption
that living beings had a very simple structure. Since medieval
times, spontaneous generation, the theory asserting that non-living
materials came together to form living organisms, had been widely
accepted. It was commonly believed that insects came into being
from food leftovers, and mice from wheat. Interesting experiments
were conducted to prove this theory. Some wheat was placed on
a dirty piece of cloth, and it was believed that mice would originate
from it after a while. Similarly, worms developing in meat was
assumed to be evidence of spontaneous generation. However, only
some time later was it understood that worms did not appear on
meat spontaneously, but were carried there by flies in the form
of larvae, invisible to the naked eye. Even
in the period when Darwin wrote The Origin of Species,
the belief that bacteria could come into existence from non-living
matter was widely accepted in the world of science. However,
five years after Darwin's book was published, the discovery of
Louis Pasteur disproved this belief, which constituted the groundwork
of evolution. Pasteur summarized the conclusion he reached after
time-consuming studies and experiments: "The claim that
inanimate matter can originate life is buried in history for good."24 Advocates
of the theory of evolution resisted the findings of Pasteur for
a long time. However, as the development of science unraveled
the complex structure of the cell of a living being, the idea
that life could come into being coincidentally faced an even greater
impasse. Inconclusive
Efforts in the 20th Century The
first evolutionist who took up the subject of the origin of life
in the 20th century was the renowned Russian biologist Alexander
Oparin. With various theses he advanced in the 1930's, he tried
to prove that the cell of a living being could originate by coincidence.
These studies, however, were doomed to failure, and Oparin had
to make the following confession: "Unfortunately, the
origin of the cell remains a question which is actually the darkest
point of the entire evolution theory." 25 Evolutionist
followers of Oparin tried to carry out experiments to solve the
problem of the origin of life. The best known of these experiments
was carried out by American chemist Stanley Miller in 1953. Combining
the gases he alleged to have existed in the primordial earth's
atmosphere in an experiment set-up, and adding energy to the mixture,
Miller synthesized several organic molecules (amino acids) present
in the structure of proteins. Barely
a few years had passed before it was revealed that this experiment,
which was then presented as an important step in the name of evolution,
was invalid, the atmosphere used in the experiment having been
very different from real earth conditions. 26 After
a long silence, Miller confessed that the atmosphere medium he
used was unrealistic. 27 All
the evolutionist efforts put forth throughout the 20th century
to explain the origin of life ended with failure. The geochemist
Jeffrey Bada from San Diego Scripps Institute accepts this fact
in an article published in Earth Magazine in 1998: Today
as we leave the twentieth century, we still face the biggest unsolved
problem that we had when we entered the twentieth century: How
did life originate on Earth? 28 The
Complex Structure of Life The
primary reason why the theory of evolution ended up in such a
big impasse about the origin of life is that even the living organisms
deemed the simplest have incredibly complex structures. The cell
of a living being is more complex than all of the technological
products produced by man. Today, even in the most developed laboratories
of the world, a living cell cannot be produced by bringing inorganic
materials together. The
conditions required for the formation of a cell are too great
in quantity to be explained away by coincidences. The probability
of proteins, the building blocks of cell, being synthesized coincidentally,
is 1 in 10950
for an average protein made up of 500 amino acids. In mathematics,
a probability smaller than 1 over 1050
is practically considered to be impossible. The
DNA molecule, which is located in the nucleus of the cell and
which stores genetic information, is an incredible databank. It
is calculated that if the information coded in DNA were written
down, this would make a giant library consisting of 900 volumes
of encyclopaedias of 500 pages each. A
very interesting dilemma emerges at this point: the DNA can only
replicate with the help of some specialized proteins (enzymes).
However, the synthesis of these enzymes can only be realized by
the information coded in DNA. As they both depend on each other,
they have to exist at the same time for replication. This brings
the scenario that life originated by itself to a deadlock. Prof.
Leslie Orgel, an evolutionist of repute from the University of
San Diego, California, confesses this fact in the September 1994
issue of the Scientific American magazine: It
is extremely improbable that proteins and nucleic acids, both
of which are structurally complex, arose spontaneously in the
same place at the same time. Yet it also seems impossible to have
one without the other. And so, at first glance, one might have
to conclude that life could never, in fact, have originated by
chemical means. 29 No
doubt, if it is impossible for life to have originated from natural
causes, then it has to be accepted that life was "created"
in a supernatural way. This fact explicitly invalidates the theory
of evolution, whose main purpose is to deny creation. Imaginary
Mechanisms of Evolution The
second important point that negates Darwin's theory is that both
concepts put forward by the theory as "evolutionary mechanisms"
were understood to have, in reality, no evolutionary power. Darwin
based his evolution allegation entirely on the mechanism of "natural
selection". The importance he placed on this mechanism was
evident in the name of his book: The Origin of Species, By
Means Of Natural Selection… Natural
selection holds that those living things that are stronger and
more suited to the natural conditions of their habitats will survive
in the struggle for life. For example, in a deer herd under the
threat of attack by wild animals, those that can run faster will
survive. Therefore, the deer herd will be comprised of faster
and stronger individuals. However, unquestionably, this mechanism
will not cause deer to evolve and transform themselves into another
living species, for instance, horses. Therefore,
the mechanism of natural selection has no evolutionary power.
Darwin was also aware of this fact and had to state this in his
book The Origin of Species: Natural
selection can do nothing until favourable variations chance to
occur.30 Lamarck's
Impact So,
how could these "favourable variations" occur? Darwin
tried to answer this question from the standpoint of the primitive
understanding of science in his age. According to the French biologist
Lamarck, who lived before Darwin, living creatures passed on the
traits they acquired during their lifetime to the next generation
and these traits, accumulating from one generation to another,
caused new species to be formed. For instance, according to Lamarck,
giraffes evolved from antelopes; as they struggled to eat the
leaves of high trees, their necks were extended from generation
to generation. Darwin
also gave similar examples, and in his book The Origin of Species,
for instance, said that some bears going into water to find
food transformed themselves into whales over time.31 However,
the laws of inheritance discovered by Mendel and verified by the
science of genetics that flourished in the 20th century, utterly
demolished the legend that acquired traits were passed on to subsequent
generations. Thus, natural selection fell out of favour as an
evolutionary mechanism. Neo-Darwinism
and Mutations In
order to find a solution, Darwinists advanced the "Modern
Synthetic Theory", or as it is more commonly known, Neo-Darwinism,
at the end of the 1930's. Neo-Darwinism added mutations, which
are distortions formed in the genes of living beings because of
external factors such as radiation or replication errors, as the
"cause of favourable variations" in addition to natural
mutation. Today,
the model that stands for evolution in the world is Neo-Darwinism.
The theory maintains that millions of living beings present on
the earth formed as a result of a process whereby numerous complex
organs of these organisms such as the ears, eyes, lungs, and wings,
underwent "mutations," that is, genetic disorders. Yet,
there is an outright scientific fact that totally undermines this
theory: Mutations do not cause living beings to develop; on the
contrary, they always cause harm to them. The
reason for this is very simple: the DNA has a very complex structure
and random effects can only cause harm to it. American geneticist
B.G. Ranganathan explains this as follows: Mutations
are small, random, and harmful. They rarely occur and the best
possibility is that they will be ineffectual. These four characteristics
of mutations imply that mutations cannot lead to an evolutionary
development. A random change in a highly specialised organism
is either ineffectual or harmful. A random change in a watch cannot
improve the watch. It will most probably harm it or at best be
ineffectual. An earthquake does not improve the city, it brings
destruction.32 Not
surprisingly, no mutation example, which is useful, that is, which
is observed to develop the genetic code, has been observed so
far. All mutations have proved to be harmful. It was understood
that mutation, which is presented as an "evolutionary mechanism,"
is actually a genetic occurrence that harms living beings, and
leaves them disabled. (The most common effect of mutation on human
beings is cancer). No doubt, a destructive mechanism cannot be
an "evolutionary mechanism." Natural selection, on the
other hand, "can do nothing by itself" as Darwin also
accepted. This fact shows us that there is no "evolutionary
mechanism" in nature. Since no evolutionary mechanism exists,
neither could any imaginary process called evolution have taken
place. The
Fossil Record: No Sign of Intermediate Forms The
clearest evidence that the scenario suggested by the theory of
evolution did not take place is the fossil record. According
to the theory of evolution, every living species has sprung from
a predecessor. A previously existing species turned into something
else in time and all species have come into being in this way.
According to the theory, this transformation proceeds gradually
over millions of years. Had
this been the case, then numerous intermediary species should
have existed and lived within this long transformation period.
For
instance, some half-fish/half-reptiles should have lived in the
past which had acquired some reptilian traits in addition to the
fish traits they already had. Or there should have existed some
reptile-birds, which acquired some bird traits in addition to
the reptilian traits they already had. Since these would be in
a transitional phase, they should be disabled, defective, crippled
living beings. Evolutionists refer to these imaginary creatures,
which they believe to have lived in the past, as "transitional
forms." If
such animals had really existed, there should be millions and
even billions of them in number and variety. More importantly,
the remains of these strange creatures should be present in the
fossil record. In The Origin of Species, Darwin explained: If
my theory were true, numberless intermediate varieties, linking
most closely all of the species of the same group together must
assuredly have existed... Consequently, evidence of their former
existence could be found only amongst fossil remains.33 Darwin's
Hopes Shattered However,
although evolutionists have been making strenuous efforts to find
fossils since the middle of the 19th century all over the world,
no transitional forms have yet been uncovered. All the fossils
unearthed in excavations showed that, contrary to the expectations
of evolutionists, life appeared on earth all of a sudden and fully-formed.
A
famous British paleontologist, Derek V. Ager, admits this fact,
even though he is an evolutionist: The
point emerges that if we examine the fossil rec,ord in detail,
whether at the level of orders or of species, we find — over and
over again — not gradual evolution, but the sudden explosion of
one group at the expense of another.34 This
means that in the fossil record, all living species suddenly emerge
as fully formed, without any intermediate forms in between. This
is just the opposite of Darwin's assumptions. Also, it is very
strong evidence that living beings are created. The only explanation
of a living species emerging suddenly and complete in every detail
without any evolutionary ancestor can be that this species was
created. This fact is admitted also by the widely known evolutionist
biologist Douglas Futuyma: Creation
and evolution, between them, exhaust the possible explanations
for the origin of living things. Organisms either appeared on
the earth fully developed or they did not. If they did not, they
must have developed from pre-existing species by some process
of modification. If they did appear in a fully developed state,
they must indeed have been created by some omnipotent intelligence.
35 Fossils
show that living beings emerged fully developed and in a perfect
state on the earth. That means that "the origin of species"
is, contrary to Darwin's supposition, not evolution but creation.
The
Tale of Human Evolution The
subject most often brought up by the advocates of the theory of
evolution is the subject of the origin of man. The Darwinist claim
holds that the modern men of today evolved from some kind of ape-like
creatures. During this alleged evolutionary process, which is
supposed to have started 4-5 million years ago, it is claimed
that there existed some "transitional forms" between
modern man and his ancestors. According to this completely imaginary
scenario, four basic "categories" are listed: 1.
Australopithecus 2.
Homo habilis 3.
Homo erectus 4.
Homo sapiens Evolutionists
call the so-called first ape-like ancestors of men "Australopithecus"
which means "South African ape." These living beings
are actually nothing but an old ape species that has become extinct.
Extensive research done on various Australopithecus specimens
by two world famous anatomists from England and the USA, namely,
Lord Solly Zuckerman and Prof. Charles Oxnard, has shown that
these belonged to an ordinary ape species that became extinct
and bore no resemblance to humans.36 Evolutionists
classify the next stage of human evolution as "homo,"
that is "man." According to the evolutionist claim,
the living beings in the Homo series are more developed than Australopithecus.
Evolutionists devise a fanciful evolution scheme by arranging
different fossils of these creatures in a particular order. This
scheme is imaginary because it has never been proved that there
is an evolutionary relation between these different classes. Ernst
Mayr, one of the foremost defenders of the theory of evolution
in the 20th century, admits this fact by saying that "the
chain reaching as far as Homo sapiens is actually lost."
37 By
outlining the link chain as "Australopithecus > Homo habilis
> Homo erectus > Homo sapiens," evolutionists imply
that each of these species is one another's ancestor. However,
recent findings of paleoanthropologists have revealed that Australopithecus,
Homo habilis and Homo erectus lived at different parts of the
world at the same time.38 Moreover,
a certain segment of humans classified as Homo erectus have lived
up until very modern times. Homo sapiens neandarthalensis and
Homo sapiens sapiens (modern man) co-existed in the same region.39 This
situation apparently indicates the invalidity of the claim that
they are ancestors of one another. A paleontologist from Harvard
University, Stephen Jay Gould, explains this deadlock of the theory
of evolution although he is an evolutionist himself: What
has become of our ladder if there are three coexisting lineages
of hominids (A. africanus, the robust australopithecines, and
H. habilis), none clearly derived from another? Moreover, none
of the three display any evolutionary trends during their tenure
on earth.40 Put
briefly, the scenario of human evolution, which is sought to be
upheld with the help of various drawings of some "half ape,
half human" creatures appearing in the media and course books,
that is, frankly, by means of propaganda, is nothing but a tale
with no scientific ground. Lord
Solly Zuckerman, one of the most famous and respected scientists
in the U.K., who carried out research on this subject for years,
and particularly studied Australopithecus fossils for 15 years,
finally concluded, despite being an evolutionist himself, that
there is, in fact, no such family tree branching out from ape-like
creatures to man. Zuckerman
also made an interesting "spectrum of science." He formed
a spectrum of sciences ranging from those he considered scientific
to those he considered unscientific. According to Zuckerman's
spectrum, the most "scientific"–that is, depending on
concrete data–fields of science are chemistry and physics. After
them come the biological sciences and then the social sciences.
At the far end of the spectrum, which is the part considered to
be most "unscientific," are "extra-sensory perception"–concepts
such as telepathy and sixth sense–and finally "human evolution."
Zuckerman explains his reasoning: We
then move right off the register of objective truth into those
fields of presumed biological science, like extrasensory perception
or the interpretation of man's fossil history, where to the faithful
(evolutionist) anything is possible - and where the ardent believer
(in evolution) is sometimes able to believe several contradictory
things at the same time.41 The
tale of human evolution boils down to nothing but the prejudiced
interpretations of some fossils unearthed by certain people, who
blindly adhere to their theory. Technology
In The Eye and The Ear Another
subject that remains unanswered by evolutionary theory is the
excellent quality of perception in the eye and the ear. Before
passing on to the subject of the eye, let us briefly answer the
question of "how we see". Light rays coming from an
object fall oppositely on the retina of the eye. Here, these light
rays are transmitted into electric signals by cells and they reach
a tiny spot at the back of the brain called the centre of vision.
These electric signals are perceived in this centre of the brain
as an image after a series of processes. With this technical background,
let us do some thinking. The
brain is insulated from light. That means that the inside of the
brain is solid dark, and light does not reach the location where
the brain is situated. The place called the centre of vision is
a solid dark place where no light ever reaches; it may even be
the darkest place you have ever known. However, you observe a
luminous, bright world in this pitch darkness. The
image formed in the eye is so sharp and distinct that even the
technology of the 20th century has not been able to attain it.
For instance, look at the book you read, your hands with which
you hold it, then lift your head and look around you. Have you
ever seen such a sharp and distinct image as this one at any other
place? Even the most developed television screen produced by the
greatest television producer in the world cannot provide such
a sharp image for you. This is a three-dimensional, coloured,
and extremely sharp image. For more than 100 years, thousands
of engineers have been trying to achieve this sharpness. Factories,
huge premises were established, much research has been done, plans
and designs have been made for this purpose. Again, look at a
TV screen and the book you hold in your hands. You will see that
there is a big difference in sharpness and distinction. Moreover,
the TV screen shows you a two-dimensional image, whereas with
your eyes, you watch a three-dimensional perspective having depth.
For
many years, ten of thousands of engineers have tried to make a
three-dimensional TV, and reach the vision quality of the eye.
Yes, they have made a three-dimensional television system but
it is not possible to watch it without putting on glasses; moreover,
it is only an artificial three-dimension. The background is more
blurred, the foreground appears like a paper setting. Never has
it been possible to produce a sharp and distinct vision like that
of the eye. In both the camera and the television, there is a
loss of image quality. Evolutionists
claim that the mechanism producing this sharp and distinct image
has been formed by chance. Now, if somebody told you that the
television in your room was formed as a result of chance, that
all its atoms just happened to come together and make up this
device that produces an image, what would you think? How can atoms
do what thousands of people cannot? If
a device producing a more primitive image than the eye could not
have been formed by chance, then it is very evident that the eye
and the image seen by the eye could not have been formed by chance.
The same situation applies to the ear. The outer ear picks up
the available sounds by the auricle and directs them to the middle
ear; the middle ear transmits the sound vibrations by intensifying
them; the inner ear sends these vibrations to the brain by translating
them into electric signals. Just as with the eye, the act of hearing
finalises in the centre of hearing in the brain. The
situation in the eye is also true for the ear. That is, the brain
is insulated from sound just like it is from light: it does not
let any sound in. Therefore, no matter how noisy is the outside,
the inside of the brain is completely silent. Nevertheless, the
sharpest sounds are perceived in the brain. In your brain, which
is insulated from sound, you listen to the symphonies of an orchestra,
and hear all the noises in a crowded place. However, if the sound
level in your brain was measured by a precise device at that moment,
it would be seen that a complete silence is prevailing there.
As
is the case with imagery, decades of effort have been spent in
trying to generate and reproduce sound that is faithful to the
original. The results of these efforts are sound recorders, high-fidelity
systems, and systems for sensing sound. Despite all this technology
and the thousands of engineers and experts who have been working
on this endeavour, no sound has yet been obtained that has the
same sharpness and clarity as the sound perceived by the ear.
Think of the highest-quality HI-FI systems produced by the biggest
company in the music industry. Even in these devices, when sound
is recorded some of it is lost; or when you turn on a HI-FI you
always hear a hissing sound before the music starts. However,
the sounds that are the products of the technology of the human
body are extremely sharp and clear. A human ear never perceives
a sound accompanied by a hissing sound or with atmospherics as
does HI-FI; it perceives sound exactly as it is, sharp and clear.
This is the way it has been since the creation of man. So
far, no visual or recording apparatus produced by man has been
as sensitive and successful in perceiving sensory data as are
the eye and the ear. However,
as far as seeing and hearing are concerned, a far greater fact
lies beyond all this. To
Whom Does the Consciousness that Sees and Hears Within the Brain
Belong? Who
is it that watches an alluring world in its brain, listens to
symphonies and the twittering of birds, and smells the rose? The
stimulations coming from the eyes, ears, and nose of a human being
travel to the brain as electro-chemical nervous impulses. In biology,
physiology, and biochemistry books, you can find many details
about how this image forms in the brain. However, you will never
come across the most important fact about this subject: Who is
it that perceives these electro-chemical nervous impulses as images,
sounds, odours and sensory events in the brain? There is a consciousness
in the brain that perceives all this without feeling any need
for eye, ear, and nose. To whom does this consciousness belong?
There is no doubt that this consciousness does not belong to the
nerves, the fat layer and neurons comprising the brain. This is
why Darwinist-materialists, who believe that everything is comprised
of matter, cannot give any answer to these questions. For
this consciousness is the spirit created by God. The spirit needs
neither the eye to watch the images, nor the ear to hear the sounds.
Furthermore, nor does it need the brain to think. Everyone
who reads this explicit and scientific fact should ponder on Almighty
God, should fear Him and seek refuge in Him, He Who squeezes the
entire universe in a pitch-dark place of a few cubic centimeters
in a three-dimensional, coloured, shadowy, and luminous form. A
Materialist Faith The
information we have presented so far shows us that the theory
of evolution is a claim evidently at variance with scientific
findings. The theory's claim on the origin of life is inconsistent
with science, the evolutionary mechanisms it proposes have no
evolutionary power, and fossils demonstrate that the intermediate
forms required by the theory never existed. So, it certainly follows
that the theory of evolution should be pushed aside as an unscientific
idea. This is how many ideas such as the earth-centered universe
model have been taken out of the agenda of science throughout
history. However,
the theory of evolution is pressingly kept on the agenda of science.
Some people even try to represent criticisms directed against
the theory as an "attack on science." Why? The
reason is that the theory of evolution is an indispensable dogmatic
belief for some circles. These circles are blindly devoted to
materialist philosophy and adopt Darwinism because it is the only
materialist explanation that can be put forward for the workings
of nature. Interestingly
enough, they also confess this fact from time to time. A well
known geneticist and an outspoken evolutionist, Richard C. Lewontin
from Harvard University, confesses that he is "first and
foremost a materialist and then a scientist": It
is not that the methods and institutions of science somehow compel
us accept a material explanation of the phenomenal world, but,
on the contrary, that we are forced by our a priori adherence
to material causes to create an apparatus of investigation and
a set of concepts that produce material explanations, no matter
how counter-intuitive, no matter how mystifying to the uninitiated.
Moreover, that materialism is absolute, so we cannot allow a Divine
Foot in the door. 42 These
are explicit statements that Darwinism is a dogma kept alive just
for the sake of adherence to the materialist philosophy. This
dogma maintains that there is no being save matter. Therefore,
it argues that inanimate, unconscious matter created life. It
insists that millions of different living species; for instance,
birds, fish, giraffes, tigers, insects, trees, flowers, whales
and human beings originated as a result of the interactions between
matter such as the pouring rain, the lightning flash, etc., out
of inanimate matter. This is a precept contrary both to reason
and science. Yet Darwinists continue to defend it just so as "not
to allow a Divine Foot in the door." Anyone
who does not look at the origin of living beings with a materialist
prejudice will see this evident truth: All living beings are works
of a Creator, Who is All-Powerful, All-Wise and All-Knowing. This
Creator is God, Who created the whole universe from non-existence,
designed it in the most perfect form, and fashioned all living
beings. They
said 'Glory be to You! We
have no knowledge except what You have taught us. You
are the All-Knowing, the All-Wise.' (The
Qur'an, 2:32) NOTES 1-
http://www.jps.net/bygrace/index. html Taken from Big
Bang Refined by Fire by Dr. Hugh Ross, 1998. Reasons To Believe,
Pasadena, CA. 2-
Carolyn Sheets, Robert Gardner, Samuel F. Howe; General Science,
Allyn and Bacon Inc. Newton, Massachusetts, 1985, p. 319-322 3-
http://muttley.ucdavis.edu/Book/ Atmosphere/beginner/layers-01.html 4-
Carolyn Sheets, Robert Gardner, Samuel F. Howe, General
Science, Allyn and Bacon Inc. Newton, Massachusetts, 1985,
p. 305 5-
http://southport.jpl.nasa.gov/ scienceapps/dixon/report6.html 6-
Carolyn Sheets, Robert Gardner, Samuel F. Howe; General
Science, Allyn and Bacon Inc. Newton, Massachusetts, 1985,
p. 305 7-
National Geographic Society, Powers of Nature, Washington
D.C., 1978, p.12-13 8-
http://www.2think.org/nothingness. html, Henning Genz –
Nothingness: The Science of Empty Space, p. 205 9-
Anthes, Richard A., John J. Cahir, Alistair B. Fraser,
and Hans A. Panofsky, 1981, The Atmosphere, 3. edition,
Columbus, Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company, p. 268-269; Millers,
Albert; and Jack C. Thompson, 1975, Elements of Meteorology,
2. edition, Columbus, Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company, p.
141 10-
Anthes, Richard A.; John J. Cahir; Alistair B. Fraser;
and Hans A. Panofsky, 1981, The Atmosphere, p. 269; Millers,
Albert; and Jack C. Thompson, 1975, Elements of Meteorology,
p. 141-142 11-
Davis, Richard A., Jr. 1972, Principles of Oceanography,
Don Mills, Ontario, Addison-Wesley Publishing, p. 92-93 12-
Elder, Danny; and John Pernetta, 1991, Oceans, London,
Mitchell Beazley Publishers, p. 27 13-
Gross, M. Grant; 1993, Oceanography, a View of Earth,
6. edition, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall Inc., p. 205 14-
Seeley, Rod R.; Trent D. Stephens; and Philip Tate, 1996,
Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 2. edition, St.
Louis, Mosby-Year Book Inc., p. 211; Noback, Charles R.; N. L.
Strominger; and R. J. Demarest, 1991, The Human Nervous System,
Introduction and Review, 4. edition, Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger
, p. 410-411 15-
Seeley, Rod R.; Trent D. Stephens; and Philip Tate, 1996,
Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 2. edition, St.
Louis, Mosby-Year Book Inc., p. 211 16-
Moore, Keith L., E. Marshall Johnson, T. V. N. Persaud,
Gerald C. Goeringer, Abdul-Majeed A. Zindani, and Mustafa A. Ahmed,
1992, Human Development as Described in the Qur'an and Sunnah,
Makkah, Commission on Scientific Signs of the Qur'an and Sunnah,
p. 36 17-
Moore, Developing Human, 6. edition,1998. 18-
Williams P., Basic Human Embryology, 3. edition,
1984, p. 64. 19-
Rex D. Russell, Design in Infant Nutrition, http://
www. icr.org/pubs/imp-259.htm 20-
Warren Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and
Society, Stanford University Press, 1997, p. 287-299. 21-
Warren Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and
Society, Stanford University Press, 1997, p. 287-299. 22-
Walter Wreszinski, Aegyptische Inschriften aus dem K.K. Hof Museum
in Wien, 1906, J. C. Hinrichs' sche Buchhandlung 23-
Hermann Ranke, Die Ägyptischen Personennamen, Verzeichnis der
Namen, Verlag Von J. J. Augustin in Glückstadt, Band I, 1935,
Band II, 1952 24-
Sidney Fox, Klaus Dose, Molecular Evolution and The Origin
of Life, New York: Marcel Dekker, 1977. p. 2 25-
Alexander I. Oparin, Origin of Life, (1936) New York, Dover
Publications, 1953 (Reprint), p. 196 26-
"New Evidence on Evolution of Early Atmosphere and Life",
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol 63,
November 1982, p. 1328-1330 27-
Stanley Miller, Molecular Evolution of Life: Current Status
of the Prebiotic Synthesis of Small Molecules, 1986, p. 7 28-
Jeffrey Bada, Earth, February 1998, p. 40 29-
Leslie E. Orgel, "The Origin of Life on Earth", Scientific
American, Vol 271, October 1994, p. 78 30-
Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species: A Facsimile of the
First Edition, Harvard University Press, 1964, p. 189 31-
Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species: A Facsimile of the
First Edition, Harvard University Press, 1964, p. 184. 32-
B. G. Ranganathan, Origins?, Pennsylvania: The Banner Of
Truth Trust, 1988. 33-
Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species: A Facsimile of the
First Edition, Harvard University Press, 1964, p. 179 34-
Derek A. Ager, "The Nature of the Fossil Record", Proceedings
of the British Geological Association, vol 87, 1976, p. 133 35-
Douglas J. Futuyma, Science on Trial, New York: Pantheon
Books, 1983. p. 197 36-
Solly Zuckerman, Beyond The Ivory Tower, New York: Toplinger
Publications, 1970, p. 75-94; Charles E. Oxnard, "The Place
of Australopithecines in Human Evolution: Grounds for Doubt",
Nature, Cilt 258, p. 389 37-
J. Rennie, "Darwin's Current Bulldog: Ernst Mayr",
Scientific American, December 1992 38-
Alan Walker, Science, vol. 207, 1980, p. 1103; A. J. Kelso,
Physical Antropology, 1st ed., New York: J. B. Lipincott Co.,
1970, p. 221; M. D. Leakey, Olduvai Gorge, vol. 3, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1971, p. 272 39-
Time, November 1996 40-
S. J. Gould, Natural History, vol. 85, 1976, p. 30 41-
Solly Zuckerman, Beyond The Ivory Tower, New York: Toplinger
Publications, 1970, p. 19 42-
Richard Lewontin, "The Demon-Haunted World", The
New York Review of Books, 9 January, 1997, p. 28 |
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